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Alyaa M. Zyara, Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Anna-Maria Veijalainen, Eila Torvinen
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UV-LEDs are a new method of disinfecting drinking water. Some viruses are very resistant to UV and the efficiency of UV-LEDs to disinfect them needs to be studied. Drinking water was disinfected with UV-LEDs after spiking the water with MS2 and four UV- ...
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Helvi Heinonen-Tanski and Ville Matikka
Domestic wastewaters, which cannot be disposed through sewage networks, must be treated with different on-site treatment systems; these are usually commercial, small-scale treatment plants or built sand filters. These systems are usually maintained by th...
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Alyaa M. Zyara, Eila Torvinen, Anna-Maria Veijalainen and Helvi Heinonen-Tanski
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a common way to disinfect drinking water, but some viruses are very resistant to UV. Drinking water was disinfected with UV after spiking with MS2 and 18 different coliphages isolated from municipal wastewater effluent. In...
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Helvi Heinonen-Tanski, Surendra K. Pradhan and Päivi Karinen
Human urine and faeces are products formed every day in every human society. The volume and fertilisation value of urine is higher than that of faeces. This paper reviews data that urine has been used successfully as a fertiliser for cereals and some veg...
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