ARTÍCULO
TITULO

Effects of contracts and work relationships on salaries and income distribution of workers in the Chilean agriculture sector, 1996 and 2006

Jorge Campos    
William Foster    

Resumen

During the past thirty years the Chilean economy generally and agriculture specifically have grown considerably, raising both per capita GDP and observed real wages of salaried workers. There has been, however, a concern about the country?s persistent unequal distribution of income. Among the possible factors associated with income inequality is the relatively infrequent use of contracts in seasonal and occasional work, both strongly present in agriculture. Based on Chilean household surveys (CASEN) for 1996 and 2006, impacts of contracts and work relationships (permanent, seasonal, etc.) on salaries, and their possible contributions to inequality, were measured, accounting for schooling, ethnicity, work experience, geographic zones, and other variables correlated with salaries. Separate hourly-wage equations for men and women were estimated. Ceteris paribus, employees with contracts earn more than those without, and those in a permanent work relationship earn more than those seasonally employed. The negative effects of not having a contract and being in a non-permanent work relationship are greater for women. Schooling is the single most important factor in explaining unequal salaries; however, the contribution of schooling to salary improvement has not changed considerably over time. Contracts and work relationship are important in explaining salary inequality, especially in the case of women. Durante los últimos treinta años la economía chilena se ha transformado. El crecimiento económico ha sido destacado, aumentando el PIB per cápita y los salarios reales. Por supuesto, la actividad agrícola no ha estado ajena a ello. Sin embargo, existe preocupación sobre la alta desigualdad del ingreso en Chile y su aparente persistencia. La informalidad asociada a la falta de un contrato de trabajo y la proliferación de relaciones de trabajo estacionales u ocasionales, podrían ser señalados como posibles causas que expliquen los niveles de desigualdad, más aún en la Agricultura, donde la informalidad laboral es relevante. A partir de la información contenida en la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica (CASEN) de los años 1996 y 2006, se establecen los impactos marginales de los contratos y relaciones de trabajo sobre el salario y sus respectivas contribuciones a la desigualdad, controlándose factores como escolaridad, etnia, experiencia laboral, zona geográfica, etc. Se establece que, ceteris paribus, los individuos que tienen un contrato de trabajo obtienen ingresos superiores que sus contrapartes que no los poseen, así también, aquellos con una relación de trabajo permanente, respecto de relaciones temporales o por obra. Los impactos negativos son superiores en las mujeres. La principal contribución a la desigualdad la realiza la escolaridad, aunque a través del tiempo esta variable no ha mejorado el ingreso de los asalariados. Los contratos y relaciones de trabajo son importantes en la explicación de la desigualdad, siendo más relevante en el caso de las mujeres, donde la falta de un contrato de trabajo no contribuyó a reducir la desigualdad, más bien, amplía las brechas salariales.

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