Inicio  /  Andean Geology  /  Vol: 18 Núm: 2 Par: 0 (1991)  /  Artículo
ARTÍCULO
TITULO

Uranium-thorium activities and disequilibrium in volcanic rocks from the Andes (33-46°S): petrogenetic constraints and environmental consequences

Daniel Tormey    
Paulina Schuller    
Leopoldo Lopez-Escobar    
Frederick Frey    

Resumen

This is a two part study of recent lavas Irom the Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ) of the Andes (33-46°S). In the first part, radioactive equilibrium between 238U and 230Th was tested by analyzing 9 samples from historic eruptions for 230Th/232Th activity ratio and for U and Th abundances and activities. In the second part, 238U and 232Th activities were determined in 23 volcanic rocks ranging in composition from basalt to rhyolite. Based on the 9 samples tested for radioactive equilibrium between 238U and 230Th, lavas from the 33-370S segment of the SVZ, where the continental crust is thick (55-35 km), and show 238U-230Th equilibrium. Lavas from south of 37°S, where the continental crust is thin (30-35 km), show either 238U-230Th equilibrium or disequilibrium and 238U enrichment. 238U/230Th (a direct measure of radioactive disequilibrium determined by the ratio of 238U/232Th and 230Th/232Th) correlates with the common indicators of subduction zone processes 10Be, Rb/Cs and La/Yb, suggesting that the source of the 238U enrichment is subducted oceanic crust and sediments. Based on the correlation of disequilibrium with indicators of subducted slab input, the rate of magma ascent from the subduction zone is 0.4 to 1.33 meters/year. This rate is consistent with calculated rates for magma ascent as diapirs or through fractures, but is too rapid for a significant portion of the ascent path to consist of either porous media flow or crustal storage. The magmatic source of Andean lavas from the volcanic front appears to be experiencing U enrichment through time by metasomatism. 238U specific activities vary from 3 to 42 Bq/kg and 232Th specific activities vary from 3 to 69 Bq/kg in the 23 samples studied. The highest 238U and 232Th concentrations were found in rhyolites, and in general U is more compatible than Th during magmatic differentiation from basalt to rhyolite. These values are within the concentration range of soils in areas of normal natural activity. There may be a major health risk to populations living near volcanoes that erupt silicic compositions resulting from inhalation of ash or soil particles and suffering exposure to radiation from decay of U and Th. RESUMEN. El presente es un estudio, en dos partes, de lavas recientes de la Zona Volcanica Sur (ZVS) de los Andes (33-460 S). Con el fin de determinar la razon de actividad 230Th/232Th y la abundancia y actividad del U y del Th, en la primera parte se estudi6, en nueve muestras de erupciones hist6ricas, el equilibrio radiactivo entre el 238U y el 230Th. En la segunda parte se determinaron, en 23 rocas volcanicas cuya composicion varia entre basaltica y riolitica, las actividades del 238U y del 232Th. El analisis radiactivo de las nueve primeras muestras permiti6 observar que las lavas provenientes del segmento 33-37°S de las ZVS, donde la corteza continental es mas gruesa (55-35 km), exhiben un equilibrio entre el 238 U y el 230Th; en cambio, las lavas provenientes de la zona al sur de los 370S, donde la corteza es mas delgada (30-35 km), muestran ya sea un equilibrio entre ambos is6topos o un desequilibrio acompanado por un enriquecimiento en 238U. La razon 238U/230Th, que es una medida directa de desequilibrio radiactivo determinada por la relacion 238U/232Th y 230Th/232Th, se correlaciona con indicadores comunes de procesos de subduccion, tales como: 10Be, Rb/Cs y La/Yb, sugiriendo que los causantes del enriquecimiento en 238U son la corteza y los sedimentos oceanicos subducidos. Sobre la base de esta correlacion, la velocidad de ascenso magmatico, desde la fuente, es de 0,4-1 ,33 m/ano. Esta velocidad es comparable con las calculadas para el ascenso de magmas en forma de diapiros y a traves de fracturas, pero es demasiado elevada en relacion con las estimadas para ascensos a traves de material poroso y para ascensos que incluyen un almacenamiento prolongado en la corteza continental. La fuente magmatica de las lavas del frente volcanico de los Andes del Sur parece haber experimentado, con el tiempo, un enriquecimiento en 238U por metasomatismo. Las actividades especificas del 238U varian entre 3 y 42 Bq/kg y las del 232Th fluctuan entre 3 y 69 Bq/kg. Estos valores estan dentro del intervalo de actividad presentado por suelos de areas de actividad natural normal. Las mayores concentraciones de 238U y 232Th se encuentran en las riolitas. En general, el U es mas compatible que el Th durante la diferenciacion magmatica de basalto a riolita. Los volcanes que emiten material rico en SiO2 presentan un mayor riesgo para la salud de la poblacion que vive en los alrededores que los de naturaleza basaltica, no solo por la inhalacion de ceniza o particulas de polvo, sino que, tambien, por la exposicion a la radiacion causada por el decaimiento radiactivo del U y del Th.

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