Policies for Improving PM2.5 Particles and GHGs Emissions in a Maritime Port of Taiwan: Evidence Based on the INDC and GGRMA Regulations

Resumen

The impact of possible emission reduction policies designed to reduce port emissions in the Port of Kaohsiung in Taiwan was analyzed, focusing on ways to reduce air pollution from CO2" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">????2CO2 C O 2 , CH4" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">????4CH4 C H 4 , N2O" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">??2??N2O N 2 O , PM10" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">????10PM10 P M 10 , PM2.5" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">????2.5PM2.5 P M 2.5 , NOx" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">??????NOx N O x , and SOx" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">??????SOx S O x generated by vessels, cranes, and truck tractors in the port. This paper was set up in two stages to determine how pollution reduction policies could reach the 2030 and in 2050 goals. The results showed that emissions of CO2" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">????2CO2 C O 2 , CH4" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">????4CH4 C H 4 , N2O" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">??2??N2O N 2 O , PM10" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">????10PM10 P M 10 , PM2.5" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">????2.5PM2.5 P M 2.5 , NOx" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">??????NOx N O x , and SOx" role="presentation" style="position: relative;">??????SOx S O x could be reduced by 46%, 26%, 25%, 77%, 77%, 76%, and 68%, respectively, in the first stage (in 2030, INDC), and by 57%, 59%, 53%, 79%, 79%, 80%, and 69%, respectively, in the second stage (in 2050, GGGRMA), as compared to 2005 data. This paper concludes as follows: (1) for vessels, the use of liquid natural gas is the best way to reduce GHGs when navigating by water; (2) for bridge cranes, electrification is the better policy during operation; (3) in the case of truck tractors, the generation of battery-electric power is the best way to reduce emissions. These policy proposals for improving air quality can be applied to all ports in Taiwan.