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ARTÍCULO
TITULO

Interactive effects of excess boron and salinity on histological and ultrastructural leaves of Zea mays amylacea from the Lluta Valley (Arica-Chile)

Elizabeth Bastías    
María B. González-Moro    
Carmen González-Murua    

Resumen

Maize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and more maize is produced each year than any other grain. Studies on the response of maize to salinity have typically focused on physiological aspects, but few studies have addressed the effects of salinity on the anatomical and ultrastructural characteristics of different plant organs. We analyzed the cell structure and changes in tissue organization in young leaves of Zea mays L. amylacea as a consequence of high salt and boron (B) levels. Plants were treated in nutrient solutions for 20 days with concentrations of 100 mM NaCl (Low salinity, L) or 430 mM NaCl (High salinity, H) in the case of saline treatments or with an excess of B supplied as boric acid to obtain 20 mg (334 µM) or 40 mg (668 µM) B kg-1. The application of B under no salt and low salinity conditions did not result in ultrastructure changes in mesophyll cells (MC) or bundle sheath cells (BSC). The high salinity conditions the amylacea leaf cells showed some alterations in MC chloroplasts, which appeared swollen and rounded. The BSC chloroplasts lost their perpendicular disposition to the cell wall. Moreover, the absolute absence of plastoglobuli could indicate a greater resistance to oxidative damage.El maíz se cultiva en todo el mundo, se produce un mayor peso del maíz cada año, más que cualquier otro grano. Las respuestas de maíz a la salinidad se han centrado en aspectos fisiológicos, pero pocos estudios se han enfocado a los efectos de la salinidad sobre las características anatómicas y ultraestructurales de los diferentes órganos de la planta. Se analizó la estructura de la célula y la alteración en la organización del tejido en las hojas jóvenes de Zea mays L. amylacea como consecuencia de la alta concentración de los niveles de salinidad y boro (B). Las concentraciones fueron de 100 mM de NaCl (baja salinidad, L) o 430 mM de NaCl (de alta salinidad, H) en el caso de los tratamientos de solución salina, o con un exceso de B suministrado como ácido bórico para obtener 20 (334 mM) y 40 (668 mM) B mg kg-1 en la solución de nutritiva durante 20 días. La aplicación de B en condiciones  no salinas y de baja salinidad no provocaron en cambios ultraestructurales en las células del mesófilo (CM) o células de la vaina del haz (CVH). En condiciones de alta salinidad las células de las hojas de amylacea mostraron algunas alteraciones en los cloroplastos de CM, mostrando un aspecto hinchado y redondeado. Los cloroplastos de CVH pierden su disposición perpendicular a la pared celular. Por otra parte, la ausencia absoluta plastoglobulina en las células, podría indicar una mayor resistencia al daño oxidativo.

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