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ARTÍCULO
TITULO

Analysis of international competitive positioning of quality wine from Spain

Juan S. Castillo    
María Carmen García    

Resumen

The global vitiviniculture sector is undergoing systemic and thorough changes. Spain occupies a privileged position in the global industry, ranking first in surface area, third in production and second in export volume. In recent years, domestic consumption has experienced a clear and pronounced decline, as observed in France and Italy. Therefore, exportation has become the main commercial avenue for table and quality wine. In Spain, designated quality wine represents 50% of total production and has experienced commercial dynamics in international markets that differ from those affecting table wine. The object of this paper is to analyze the factors influencing the competitiveness of quality wine, represented by designations of origin, in international markets. After defining a competitiveness index, adapted from the Balassa index, and using environmental and internal variables, three panel data models of the most representative Designations were specified for the 2000/2001 to 2009/2010 seasons. The results demonstrated that environmental variables were more influential in explaining the weak international competitive positioning of the poorer performing Designations. European regulations resulting from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the economic crisis were significant and influential in this respect. Economies of scale, quality, and unit cost were the most influential internal factors for each D.O.factors for the most competitive quality-wine production areas. El sector vitivinícola mundial está inmerso en una profunda y sistémica dinámica de cambios. España, ocupa una posición privilegiada en la escena global,  primera posición en el ranking por superficie, tercera en producción y segunda en volumen exportado. El consumo interno, al igual que en los casos de Francia e Italia, ha experimentado un claro y nítido retroceso en los últimos años, con lo que las exportaciones se han configurado como la principal salida comercial para los vinos de calidad y los vinos de mesa. En España, los denominados vinos de calidad representan el 50% de la producción, y han experimentado una dinámica comercial diferenciada respecto a los vinos de mesa en los mercados internacionales. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los factores que inciden en la competitividad en el mercado internacional de los vinos de calidad, representados por las Denominaciones de Origen. Para ello, tras definir un índice de competitividad, adaptado del índice de Balassa, y con variables de entorno e internas se especificaron tres modelos de datos de panel para las campañas 2000/2001 a 2009/2010 de las Denominaciones más representativas. Los resultados mostraron que las variables de entorno fueron más determinantes para entender el débil posicionamiento competitivo internacional de las Denominaciones más rezagadas. La regulación pública europea de la Política Agraria Común (PAC) y la crisis económica resultaron significativas y explicativas a este respecto. De los factores internos, las economías de escala, la calidad y el precio unitario salieron las más determinantes, para las zonas de producción de vino de calidad más competitivas.

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