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ARTÍCULO
TITULO

Distribution and recycling of canopy nitrogen storage reserves in sweet cherry (Prunus avium) fruiting branches following 15N-urea foliar applications after harvest

Marlene Ayala    
Pilar Bañados    
Mariana Thielemann    
Román Toro    

Resumen

In sweet cherries, accumulated nitrogen (N) stores from the previous fall support early spring growth. To complement the N supply in the soil, Chilean growers use foliar urea applications after harvest. Information on the effectiveness of foliar N applications in sweet cherry is lacking. To study the canopy distribution of N applied as urea foliar sprays, an experiment involving a ?Bing?/?Gisela®6? (?GI®6?) sweet cherry orchard was carried out in 2009/2010 in Chile (35º 09? 53?? S, 71º 20? 43?? W). The objective was to investigate N distribution and recycling in 3-year-old fruiting branches. A total of 120 branches (one per tree) were labeled using 15N-urea. 15N-urea was applied to the whole branch on four separate dates or treatments (TR) after fruit harvest: TR1=Jan, TR2=Feb, TR3=Mar and TR4=Apr. For each TR, a group of 15N-labeled branches (10 replications) was destructively harvested at 3 times/stages: 15 days after the urea foliar application (DAA), dormancy and stage I of fruit development. Branches were divided into the various organs, dried (70 °C), ground and processed for GC-MS analysis. In all TR, labeled urea was taken up by the leaves and translocated to various organs. The highest N levels were observed in the fruiting section. TR1 exhibited the highest N use efficiency (NUE%). Buds and bark showed the highest N derived from fertilizer (NDDF%) values. In all TR, stored N was recovered in the flowers, immature fruits and young leaves during the following spring. According to the results, urea sprays after fruit harvest constitute an alternative to complementing the N supply in the soil in sweet cherry trees using ?GI®6?.   En cerezo dulce, el nitrógeno (N) de almacenaje es acumulado en otoño previo a la cosecha. Productores chilenos usan urea foliar después de cosecha, pero la información disponible sobre de la efectividad de estas aplicaciones, en combinaciones enanizantes de cerezo dulce, es escasa. Por esta razón, en la temporada 2009/2010 se realizó un experimento para estudiar la distribución de N aplicado como urea foliar, utilizando la combinación ?Bing?/?Gisela®6? (?GI®6?). Un total de 120 ramas fueron enriquecidas con 15N-urea, la cual fue aplicada en 4 fechas distintas (Tratamientos; TR) después de la cosecha: TR1=Ene, TR2=Feb, TR3=Mar and TR4=Abr. En cada TR, 10 ramas enriquecidas con 15N- fue removida destructivamente en tres estados fenológicos: 15 días después de la aplicación (15 DDA), Dormancia y fase I de desarrollo del fruto. Ramas individuales fueron divididas en diferentes órganos/tejidos, y procesadas para análisis usando GC-MS. 15N-urea fue absorbida por las hojas y translocada a los distintos órganos. El contenido más alto de N se registró en la sección frutal. TR1 registró la mayor eficiencia de uso del fertilizante. Yemas y corteza obtuvieron los mayores valores de nitrógeno derivado del fertilizante. En todos los tratamientos, el N almacenado fue remobilizado hacia flores, frutos inmaduros y hojas jóvenes. Los resultados indican que aplicaciones foliares de urea pueden complementar aplicaciones de N al suelo en la combinación ?Bing?/?GI®6?.

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