Resumen
On-orbit object detection has received extensive attention in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in space research. Deep-learning-based object-detection algorithms are often computationally intensive and rely on high-performance devices to run. However, those devices usually lack space-qualified versions, and they can hardly meet the reliability requirement if directly deployed on a satellite platform, due to software errors induced by the space environment. In this paper, we evaluated the impact of space-environment-induced software errors on object-detection algorithms through large-scale fault injection tests. Aside from silent data corruption (SDC), we propose an extended criterial SDC-0.1 to better quantify the effect of the transient faults on the object-detection algorithms. Considering that a bit-flip error could cause severe detection result corruption in many cases, we propose a novel automated model hardening with reinforcement learning (AMHR) framework to solve this problem. AMHR searches for error-sensitive kernels in a convolutional neural network (CNN) through trial and error with a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) agent and has fine-grained modular-level redundancy to increase the fault tolerance of the CNN-based object detectors. Compared to other selective hardening methods, AMHR achieved the lowest SDC-0.1 rates for various detectors and could tremendously improve the mean average precision (mAP) of the SSD detector by 28.8 in the presence of multiple errors.