Resumen
This paper discusses the methodological foundations of ensuring the functional safety of hardware and software complexes. The conceptual basis of the research is a systematic combination of proactive, active and reactive approaches to the management of different nature defects. The consideration of defects as a variety of complex systems creates a methodological basis for the scientifically based adaptation of approaches, methods and models that have proven themselves in solving problems of complex systems management of a different nature in the field of functional safety management. System archetypes are a concentrated form of representation of problem situations encountered in the management of complex systems of different nature. The description of problem situations through system archetypes contributes to its structuring, creates prerequisites for its adequate perception and, as a result, the development of rational approaches to its resolution. The results obtained in the study of structured problem situations form is the basis for the construction of various degrees of formalized sign models (from cognitive to mathematical). The presence of such models allows us to assess the consequences of various organizational decisions, in other words, create a basis for preventing the occurrence of latent defects of organizational nature, which entail the most negative consequences. The paper considers the content of system archetypes in relation to the problem of ensuring of the functional safety of hardware and software systems. Models of system archetypes are proposed in relation to the problem of ensuring functional safety. The proposed approach is the basis for the representation of cognitive models of a problem situation by means of system archetypes.