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ARTÍCULO
TITULO

Biosynthesis of plant cell walls. Cien. Inv. Agr. (In English) 33(3):149-166.

M. Handford    

Resumen

The cell wall plays a major role in determining the expansion, growth and shape of plant cells, and thus of the plant itself. Additionally, cell wall breakdown products are used as developmental signals. Moreover, the cell wall is in the front line of defence, forming a significant barrier to penetration by pathogens and pathogen vectors. There is great diversity in the polysaccharides of the cell wall which is composed of cellulose microfibrils, with the matrix polysaccharides, pectins and hemicelluloses binding non-covalently to the cellulose molecules, crosslinking them in an extensive network. Agronomically, a variety of industries are reliant on cell wall polysaccharides, particularly in the processing of foods. However, surprisingly little is known about their precise role(s) in planta.This is even more apparent considering that the polysaccharide composition of different cell types and organs differs, and changes over time, suggesting that the polysaccharides have a variety of specific roles. With the completion of genome sequencing projects in model and commercially-important plant species, significant progress has been made in elucidating the proteins responsible for cell wall synthesis, leading to potential biotechnological applications. La pared celular juega un importante rol en la determinación de la expansión, crecimiento y forma celular, como también de la planta misma. Adicionalmente, los productos de la degradación de la pared celular son usados como señales de desarrollo. Por otra parte, la pared celular está en la línea frontal de defensa, constituyendo una importante barrera a la penetración de patógenos y vectores patógenos. Hay una gran diversidad en los polisacáridos de la pared celular, la que está compuesta por microfibrillas de celulosa, embebidas en una matriz de pectinas y hemicelulosas unidas en forma no covalente a las moléculas de celulosa, formando una extensa red. Agronómicamente, varias industrias dependen de los polisacáridos de la pared celular, particularmente para el procesamiento de alimentos. Sin embargo, asombrosamente, poco se sabe sobre su rol exacto en la pared celular de la planta. Esto se hace incluso más evidente si se considera que la composición de los polisacáridos de diferentes tipos de células y órganos difieren, y cambian en el tiempo, sugiriendo que los polisacáridos tienen una variedad de funciones específicas. Al completarse los proyectos de secuenciación genómica de plantas modelo y de importancia económica, se han obtenido progresos significativos en determinar las proteínas responsables de la síntesis de la pared celular, todo lo cual conduce a potenciales aplicaciones biotecnológicas.

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