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ARTÍCULO
TITULO

Improvement in nutritional quality of fibrous food via in vitro digestion by Aspergillus niger

Alejandro Velásquez    
Pierre-Guy Marnet    
Rodrigo Arias    

Resumen

. In a first experiment, the effect of in vitro incubation with Aspergillus niger (An) on the chemical composition of different fibrous substrates was studied. In a second experiment, the effect of incubation time (0, 72 and 144 h) on in vitro digestion with An of dry matter (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (DVNDF) and acid detergent fiber (DVADF) was evaluated for different substrates. Wheat straw, WS; barley straw, BS; oat hulls, OH; dehydrated alfalfa, DA; and dehydrated ryegrass, DB substrates were evaluated. In both experiments, incubations were performed in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks; 2 g of substrate was added to a culture medium (pH = 6), and incubated at 28 °C with constant ventilation.  The An dose consisted of 3 mL of a solution of 5.3 × 106 spores mL-1 per flask. Incubation time for the first experiment was 144 h. After incubation, the contents of the flasks were homogenized in a blender for one minute. Subsequently, bromatological analysis was conducted without separating the An biomass. No interaction effects among any studied variables were observed. An incubation effected cell wall (NDF) and lignocellulose (ADF) content. An increase in true protein (TP) and soluble nitrogen (SN) was observed for all substrates tested, but responses differed depending on the type of substrate. The largest increases in TP were observed in DA and DB substrates (0.55 and 0.63% DM, respectively). IVDMD, DVNDF and DVADF were affected by the type of substrate and incubation time. The highest value of IVDMD144 was observed in the DAAn treatment (49.47% DM), followed by the DBAn treatment, with a value of 45.51% DM. OHAn showed the lowest value of IVDMD144 (29.38% DM). The results suggest that An possesses fibrolytic and metabolic potential for improving the nutritional value of fibrous foods through of the digestion of structural carbohydrates and the liberation of nitrogenous fractions embedded in cell walls, producing a change in the chemical composition and the potential digestibility of treated foods.En un primer ensayo se estudió el efecto de la incubación in vitro con Aspergillus niger (An) y el tipo de sustrato sobre la composición química de alimentos fibrosos. En un segundo ensayo se evaluó el efecto del tipo de sustrato y el tiempo de incubación (0, 72 y 144 h) sobre la digestión in vitro con An de la materia seca (IVDMD), fibra detergente neutro (DVNDF) y fibra detergente ácida (DVADF). Se evaluaron los sustratos paja de trigo: WS, paja de cebada: BS, cáscara de avena: OH, alfalfa deshidratada: DA y ballica deshidratada: DB. Para ambos experimentos las incubaciones se realizaron en matraces Erlenmeyer de 250 mL; la masa de sustrato a incubar fue de 2 g, adicionados a un medio de cultivo (pH=6), incubado con sistema de ventilación constante a temperatura de 28 ºC. La dosis de An consistió en 3 mL frasco-1 de una solución de 5,3 × 106 esporas mL-1. El tiempo de incubación para el primer ensayo fue de 144 h. Transcurrido este tiempo, se procedió a homogenizar (Blender) el contenido total de los matraces por un minuto. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis bromatológico a la masa total incubada, sin separar la biomasa de An. No se observó efecto de la interacción en ninguna de las variables estudiadas. La incubación con An mostró un efecto sobre el contenido de paredes celulares (FDN) y las fracciones lignocelulósicas (FDA). Se observó un incremento en la Proteína Verdadera (TP) y en el Nitrógeno Soluble (SN) en todos los sustratos evaluados, y su respuesta fue diferente según el tipo de sustrato. Los mayores incrementos en TP se observaron en los sustratos DA y DB (0,55 y 0,63% DM, respectivamente). IVDMD, DVNDF y DVADF se vieron afectadas por el tipo de sustrato y el tiempo de incubación. El valor más alto de IVDMD144 se observó en el tratamiento DAAn (49,47% DM), seguido de DBAn, con un valor de 45,51% DM. OHAn mostró el valor más bajo de IVDMD144 (29,38% DM). Los resultados permitieron inferir que An posee el potencial fibrolítico y metabólico para mejorar el valor nutritivo de alimentos fibrosos, a través de la digestión de los carbohidratos estructurales y liberación de fracciones nitrogenadas incrustadas en las paredes celulares, implicando un cambio en la composición química y en la digestibilidad potencial de los alimentos tratados.

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