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Inicio  /  Andean Geology  /  Vol: 16 Núm: 1 Par: 0 (1989)  /  Artículo
ARTÍCULO
TITULO

The stratigraphic and structural setting of the Potrerillos porphyry copper district, Northern Chile

Steven F. Olson    

Resumen

ABSTRACT. The Potrerillos district displays major facies boundaries, records changes in the compositions of magmas from Jurassic to Oligocene time, and provides evidence that a porphyry copper deposit and associated skarn (37 Ma) formed between Jurassic-Cretaceous and Paleocene extension and Miocene compressional deformation. Pre-Jurassic granitic and metamorphic basement is overlain by Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks and basaltic andesite lava flows, and by Paleocene-Eocene bimodal andesite-rhyolite continental volcanic rocks. The Potrerillos district straddles major changes in facies and thicknesses of strata, between thicker, volcanic-dominant sections on the west and thinner, sedimentary-dominant sections on the east. The changes in thickness and facies are, in part, controlled by down-to-the-west normal/growth faults directly associated with the accumulation of the volcanic rocks. From Jurassic through Cretaceous time, the district occupied a back-arc setting with respect to the principal magmatic arc. Mineralized and unmineralized porphyry plutons of granodiorite to quartz monzonite composition were emplaced along the Jurassic-Cretaceous and Paleocene facies/thickness boundary between 40 and 32 Ma and represent the migration of the magmatic arc through the district. Some of the porphyry plutons were coeval with dacitic flow domes. Principal orientations of dikes ca. 32 Ma old indicate that the state of stress at this time was one of E-W compression (N-S extension). The major movement on reverse faults in the district and surrounding region is constrained to have occurred between 32 and 12 Ma; some Eocene movement cannot be ruled out, however. The thick volcanic-dominant western facies commonly are thrust over the thinner sedimentary-dominant eastern facies along both high-angle basement-involved reverse faults and low-moderate angle thrust faults in the sedimentary-volcanic cover. The Potrerillos porphyry copper pluton was cut and offset by a thrust fault at this time also. Basement and cover rocks record different amounts of shortening, which together, could be as high as 50% across the study area. The west-vergent reverse faults in the Potrerillos area are in part responsible for the uplift along the western edge of the Altiplano. Published rates of South America-Nazca plate convergence suggest that Paleocene bimodal volcanism occurred contemporaneously with slow rates, porphyry intrusion with increased but fluctuating rates, and compressive deformation with greatly increased rates. RESUMEN. El distrito de Potrerillos se ubica en una zona de cambios de facies mayor, registrada durante la evolucion mesozoica y cenozoica del orogeno andino. Sobre el basamento granitico y metamorfico pre-jurasico, se disponen, en la parte oriental del distrito, rocas sedimentarias marinas jurasico-cretacicas, con intercalaciones de lavas andesitico-basalticas (cubiertas, en discordancia, por una asociacion volcanica bimodal paleoceno-eocena), que gradan hacia el oeste hacia potentes secuencias volcanicas, principalmente cretacicas. El cambio de facies esta controlado, en parte, por fallas normales ('down the west normal/growth faults'). Durante el Jurasico y Cretacico, el distrito ocupo una posicion de tras-arco, con respecto al arco magmatico andino principal. Entre 40 y 32 Ma, un conjunto de plutones porfidicos granodioriticos a cuarzo-monzoniticos (entre los cuales se incluye el porfido cuprifero de Potrerillos) se emplazo a lo largo de la zona de cambio de facies. Algunos de ellos son contemporaneos con flujos y domos daciticos. La orientacion de los diques indica que el estado de 'stress' durante el periodo estuvo dominado por compresion en sentido este-oeste (extension norte-sur). El periodo principal de deformacion en el distrito, a traves de fallas inversas, se produjo entre los 32 y 12 Ma, a pesar de que algunos movimientos podrian haber ocurrido tambien durante el Eoceno. Las facies occidentales, predominantemente volcanicas, estan, en general, cabalgadas sobre las secuencias sedimentarias orientales, tanto a lo largo de fallas inversas de alto angulo, que involucran al basamento, como a traves de sobrescurrimientos de bajo angulo, que afectan solo a la cobertura. Durante la deformacion el porfido de Potrerillos fue cortado y desplazado hacia el este por una de las fallas de bajo angulo. El acortamiento tectonico, registrado en el distrito, es diferente en el basamento y la cobertura, pero la combinacion de ambas componentes indica valores cercanos al 50%. Las fallas con vergencia hacia el oeste, que afectan al distrito son, en parte, responsables del alzamiento del borde occidental del Altiplano. Un examen de las velocidades de convergencia entre la placa de Nazca (y sus precursores) y la placa Sudamericana, senala que el volcanismo bimodal paleoceno tuvo lugar en un periodo de baja velocidad de convergencia, la intrusion de los porfidos, con velocidades de convergencia crecientes, pero fluctuantes, mientras que la etapa de deformacion compresiva coincide con un periodo de elevada velocidad de convergencia de placas.

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