Resumen
The ability to accurately predict flight time of arrival in real time during a flight is critical to the efficiency and reliability of aviation system operations. This paper proposes a data-light and trajectory-based machine learning approach for the online prediction of estimated time of arrival at terminal airspace boundary (ETA_TAB) and estimated landing time (ELDT), while a flight is airborne. Rather than requiring a large volume of data on aircraft aerodynamics, en-route weather, and traffic, this approach uses only flight trajectory information on latitude, longitude, and speed. The approach consists of four modules: (a) reconstructing the sequence of trajectory points from the raw trajectory that has been flown, and identifying its best-matched historical trajectory which bears the most similarity; (b) predicting the remaining trajectory, based on what has been flown and the best-matched historical trajectory; this is achieved by developing a long short-term memory (LSTM) network trajectory prediction model; (c) predicting the ground speed of the flight along its predicted trajectory, iteratively using the current position and previous speed information; to this end, a gradient boosting machine (GBM) speed prediction model is developed; and (d) predicting ETA_TAB using trajectory and speed prediction from (b) and (c), and using ETA_TAB to further predict ELDT. Since LSTM and GBM models can be trained offline, online computation efforts are kept at a minimum. We apply this approach to real-world flights in the US. Based on our findings, the proposed approach yields better prediction performance than multiple alternative methods. The proposed approach is easy to implement, fast to perform, and effective in prediction, thus presenting an appeal to potential users, especially those interested in flight ETA prediction in real time but having limited data access.